tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42709912113056552342024-03-05T14:42:36.965-08:00Mahmud.GenevaKazi Rahman [Mahmud]http://www.blogger.com/profile/04684787290514961716noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4270991211305655234.post-6553993754621474992012-07-29T16:49:00.003-07:002013-03-14T02:21:34.742-07:00Application of genetic algorithm for watershed model [SWAT] calibration:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Introductory words:</b></div>
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Watershed models are parameter driven.
Therefore, getting a better model performance we need to optimize the parameters.
A sensitivity test could help identifying the set of parameter most sensitive
parameter for specific watershed. A cleaver idea would be to list down all the
parameter in a text file and tune individual parameters and rerun the model
each time to see the performance.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manuel calibration
with MATLAB</b></div>
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After building a SWAT model all the input files will be
stored in the txtinout folder which should be located in the scenario folder. [Considering
discharge and water quality modeling]</div>
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Step 1: Copy the input files from txtinout folder to a
folder name sensin or we can rename the txtinout folder with the name sensin.</div>
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Step 2: make an observe discharge file with the sub basin
number [as example “obs_daily7.csv] in put in the folder name user input.</div>
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Step 3: Check the ifinfo.txt file located in the user_inputs
folder and tunes the specifications with your watershed information. and finally run 'mcalib.m' file.<br />
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The good thing is all the parameters are listed in par_ file
where we can change parameter and rerun the model until a certain level of
accuracy is achieved. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[Applying Genetic algorithm]</b></div>
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Manuel calibration is often time
consuming and setting a range of parameter needs a lot of iteration. In that
case we can select a set of parameter and the computer does the iterations. There
are various optimization algorithms are now available. Here I am going to
discuss about AMALGAM. In this video present contribution, the a Multi algorithm
genetically adaptive multiobjective (AMALAGM) approach was applied [J.A. Vrugt
and B.A. Robinson, 2007]. AMALGAM is a multi-objective
optimization method that searches efficiently for the Pareto-optimal front by
applying four alternative multiobjective algorithms based on evolution theory.</div>
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AMALGAM comprises four different genetic algorithms, they
are:</div>
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(i) non dominated sorted genetic
algorithm-II (NSGA-II) [Deb et al., 2002], (ii) particle swarm optimization
(PSO) [Kennedy and Eberhart, 1995], (iii) adaptive Metropolis search (AMS)
[Haario et al., 2001], and (iv) differential evolution (DE) [Storn and Price,
1997].By crossing information between algorithms and assigning them more or
less importance according to their past performance in the optimization run,
the AMALGM approach is able to maintain efficiency and outperform the multi objecive
algorithms it employs [J.A. Vrugt 118 and B.A. Robinson, 2007].<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/2KDUjVanGFQ" width="560"></iframe> </div>
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<b>References:</b></div>
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Deb, K., A. Pratap, S. Agarwal,
and T. Meyarivan (2002), A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II, IEEE Transactions
on Evolutionary Computation, 6(2), 182-197.</div>
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Haario, H., E. Saksman, and J.
Tamminen (2001), An adaptive Metropolis algorithm, Bernoulli, 470 7(2),
223-242.</div>
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Kennedy, J., and R. Eberhart
(1995), Particle swarm optimization, IEEE International Conference on Neural
Networks - Conference Proceedings, 4, 1942-1948.</div>
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Vrugt, J. A., and B. A. Robinson
(2007), Improved evolutionary optimization from genetically adaptive
multimethod search, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(3),
708.</div>
</div>
Kazi Rahman [Mahmud]http://www.blogger.com/profile/04684787290514961716noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4270991211305655234.post-47318792278572326782012-06-28T18:27:00.003-07:002013-03-14T02:21:16.780-07:00Hydrologic model [SWAT] development based on open source data<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>[1] Hydrological Modeling:</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Hydrologic
models are simplified; conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic
cycle [1A].They are primarily used for hydrologic prediction and for
understanding hydrologic processes. Two major types of hydrologic models can be
distinguished. (A) Stochastic Models. These models are black box systems, based
on data and using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input
(as example rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used
techniques are regression, transfer functions, neural networks and system
identification. These models are known as stochastic hydrology models.(B) Process-Based
Models. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the
real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff,
subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more
complicated. These models are known as deterministic hydrology models.
Deterministic hydrology models can be subdivided into single-event models and
continuous simulation models. There are various type of hydrological models are
now a days available in public domain [1B][1C]</span></div>
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Citations:</div>
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[1A] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological_modelling" target="_blank">about hydrological modelingfrom wiki</a></div>
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[1B] <a href="http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/" target="_blank">HEC-RAS website</a></div>
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[1C] <a href="http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/" target="_blank">SWAT website</a></div>
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<b>[2] SWAT model and its
application</b>:</div>
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SWAT model (Arnold et al., 1998)
is a semi-distributed, continuous watershed simulator operating on a daily time
step [2A]. It is developed with the joint effort with USDA and Texas University
for assessing the impact of management and climate on water supplies, sediment,
and agricultural chemical yields in watersheds and larger river basins. The
model is semi-physically based, and allows simulation of a high level of
spatial detail by dividing the watershed into a large number of sub-watersheds.
The major components of SWAT include hydrology, Water supply, Water quality,
weather, erosion, plant growth, nutrients, pesticides, land management, and
stream routing. The robust application of SWAT model has extended all over the
world because of its diversified application [2B]. Government agencies like EPA USDA uses SWAT for tracking environmental problems
like water quantity, water quality, nutrient cycling and in stream process ete[2C,
2D,]. Wider application of SWAT is mostly in the government agency and research
organization of USA and EU. . SWAT model
output often uses indirectly as it has the flexibility of coupling with other models.
A large number of climate and land use studies has been done all over the world
with SWAT model for land use and climate change study [2E, 2F]. Large scale
European Projects also uses SWAT as a central hydrologic model frequently [2G] Here
is an example of SWAT model application in the Himalayan region for impact
assessment of climate change [2H]</div>
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Citations</div>
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[2A] <a href="http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/75/PDF" target="_blank">SWAT model paper by Jeff Arnold.</a></div>
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[2B] <a href="http://www.card.iastate.edu/environment/items/asabe_swat.pdf" target="_blank">SWAT review paper by Prof. Phillipe Grassman</a></div>
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[2C] <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.5624/abstract" target="_blank">Application of SWAT model for water quantity</a></div>
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[2D] <a href="http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/18455/1/wp060428.pdf" target="_blank">Application of SWAT for water quality</a></div>
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[2E] <a href="http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/media/39939/ali.pdf" target="_blank">Application of SWAT model for land use change</a></div>
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[2F] <a href="http://www.tnau.ac.in/climarice/ASABE_Lakshmanan.pdf" target="_blank">Application of SWAT model climate change</a></div>
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[2G] <a href="http://envirogrids.net/" target="_blank">Application of SWAT model in large scale EU project</a></div>
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[2H] <a href="http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/WWW_PDF/2011/Sunday/K23/Promoting-Cooperation-in-the-Ganges-Basin-through-Dialog/The-Ganges-Strategic-Basin-Assessment.pdf" target="_blank">Application of SWAT model in Indian Himalayan region</a></div>
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<b>[3] Watershed Delineation</b></div>
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Watershed delineation is required
to provide a boundary of the watershed. SWAT uses ArcHydro algorithm for
watershed delineation [3A]. The watershed delineation carries out advanced GIS
functions to aid the user in segmenting watersheds in to several
‘hydrologically’ connected sub watersheds for use in watershed modeling in
SWAT. [3B] There are two methods for watershed delineation in SWAT model, one
is the DEM-based method, which is based on the DEM of the study area and the other is the pre-defined method in
which users can define the reaches and sub basins manually. Most of the
researchers use the first method at present, which has high precision only in
the area with certain terrain slope [3C]. During watershed delineation flow direction
and flow accumulation process is done.<br />
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Citations:<br />
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[3A]<a href="http://courses.washington.edu/gis250/lessons/hydrology/exercise/index.html#delineation" target="_blank"> Watershed delineation of ArcGIS from WashingtonUniversity website.</a></div>
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[3B] <a href="http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/documentation/" target="_blank">Details of watershed delineation from swat theoretical documentation</a></div>
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[3C] <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029611005160" target="_blank">Comparison of two different method of watersheddelineation.</a></div>
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[4] HRU analysis</div>
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Hydrological response units are areas within a watershed
that respond hydrologically similarly to given input. It is a means to
representing the spatial heterogeneity of a watershed. With the introduction of hydrologic response
unit (HRU), it is possible to expect similar hydrologic behaviour in each unit,
which can be modeled easily. Plenty of hydrological models use HRU as unit
response for a sub basin [4B][4C] . </div>
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Citations</div>
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[4A] <a href="http://www.aquaterra.com/basins3/BASINS%20Utilities/Land%20Use,%20Soils%20Class%20and%20Overlay/HRU%20Distribution.html" target="_blank">HRU distribution in SWAT model</a></div>
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[4B] <a href="http://www.iahs.info/redbooks/a231/iahs_231_0079.pdf" target="_blank">HRU based PRMS model</a></div>
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[4C] <a href="ftp://ftp.wsl.ch/pub/zappa/publications/conference_papers/IAD_MAN.pdf" target="_blank">PREVAH model based on HRU</a></div>
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<b>[5] Weather Inputs and First simulation</b></div>
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The weather data definition
window is divided in six tabs. (1)
Weather Generator (2) Rainfall Data (3) Temperature Data (4) Solar
Radiation Data (5) Wind Speed data and (6) Relative Humidity Data. The first
section for weather data is for the location of stations. The interface will
not allow the user to perform other input data processing until the Weather
Generator Data is defined. The other five sections allow the user to choose
between simulated or measured data for specific type of data. We will use only
precipitation and temperature data for this case study and let the model
generate other data.<br />
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<b>[6] Primary results and need of calibration</b></div>
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We obtained a daily discharge
time series from 1996 to 2010 for Mendoza river watershed at downstream
(pointed with the GPS at the sub basin no 7). We will simulate the model 6 years from 1999
to 2004. First 3 years from 1996-1998 we will keep for warming up period it
will stabilize some initial model parameters. And the remaining period 2005 to
2010 we will keep for validation. We will discuss with daily and monthly time
step with some hydrograph analysis. Together with visual observation we will
discuss with statistical performance of hydrological model. For this post we
will not go in detail the calibration process which will be done in another
complete post.<br />
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[7] <b>Running SWAT in R environment</b></div>
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The statistical programming tool
‘R’ is also open source [7A] In order to
get a better result from SWAT we need to test the parameter ranges and each
time we have to run (for Manuel calibration). If we use excel we have to plot
each time which is time consuming and tedious. Therefore, we can program the
statistical performance equations like NSE MSE or Percent Bias etc etc. After
that changing the basin parameter we can re run the model without plotting in
excel. Recently there is a R package and a multi objective genetic algorithm tool
in R is available [7B][7C] </div>
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Citations:</div>
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[7A] <a href="http://www.r-project.org/" target="_blank">R Project website to download</a></div>
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[7B] <a href="https://www.card.iastate.edu/swat_articles/show_details.aspx?id=1024" target="_blank">R package for SWAT model calibration</a></div>
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[7C] <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/docs.htm?docid=22341" target="_blank">Multi objective Automatic Calibration of SWAT Using NSGAII in R</a><br />
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<b>In the next post I will focus three issues. They are [1] SWAT calibration in MATLAB environment. [2] Application of genetic logarithm for SWAT calibration [3] Spatial map preparation from SWAT output. SO PLEASE KEEP TUNED... </b></div>
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<b>Acknowledgements:</b> Contribution of Dr. John Joseph (from
South Texas Uni, USA) greatly acknowledged for sharing his ideas to calibrate
SWAT in R environment and special thanks to Rocio Julia and Gissela for sharing
the observed data file of Mendoza river watershed which is the part of their
M.Sc thesis work. </div>
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Kazi Rahman [Mahmud]http://www.blogger.com/profile/04684787290514961716noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4270991211305655234.post-77090436732046526852012-06-21T15:29:00.001-07:002013-03-14T02:20:48.054-07:00Utilizing online resources for climatic research [part 2]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>I<span style="font-size: small;">ntroductory words:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Climate change and its impact
assessment has strike through a great attention these days, especially after wining the Nobel peace prize in 2007 by AL Gores team with IPCC. Huge
number of universities and research organizations started working on climate
impact assessment. Like geographic data, climatic data’s are not as straight
forward to extract from online resources. Various reasons involved for this
problem, most often climatic data’s are uploaded in gridded points with various
temporal and spatial scale. Therefore,
in this post we are going to see where we can get online data for climatic
research and how we can utilize them. One more time all those data’s are
completely” FREE OF CHARGE”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i><b><span style="font-style: normal;">[1] National Climatic
Data Center, USA</span></b></i></span><span class="st" style="font-size: small;"><b> (NCDC) </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">National climatic data center for
USA provides climatic data on various spatial and temporal scales for entire
globe [1A]. NCDC is the world's largest active archive of weather data. NCDC
produces numerous climate publications and responds to data requests from all
over the world. NCDC operates the World Data Center for Meteorology which is
co-located at NCDC in Asheville, North Carolina, and the World Data Center for
Paleoclimatology which is located in Boulder, Colorado. Here we will be
focusing time series in daily time step. It is to be noted that there are lot
of variables available in the website but we will be focusing precipitation
temperature (min and max) for this specific post. We will only look at <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Summary of the Day)</span></b><b> [1B]. </b>Summary of the Day (Office of Hydrology
Format) is historical data set DSI-9655 archived at the National Climatic Data
Center (NCDC). The Office of Hydrology (O/H) format was designed for use in
implementing the National Weather Service River Forecast Service (NWSRFS)
nationwide, and for calibration of hydrologic models. Parameters for these
summaries of the day data set include: temperature, precipitation, winds,
surface pressure, evaporation, and snow depth. The period of record is 1948-1976.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/VND65ck7DUU" width="560"></iframe> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[1A] <a href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/climatedata.html" target="_blank">NCDC data description</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[1B] <a href="http://gcmd.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Metadata.do?Portal=gosic&KeywordPath=Parameters%7CCRYOSPHERE&OrigMetadataNode=GCMD&EntryId=gov.noaa.ncdc.C00053&MetadataView=Full&MetadataType=0&lbnode=mdlb2" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Summary of the Day (Office of Hydrology Format)</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. Precipitation data from TRMM website</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission (TRMM) is a joint mission between NASA and the Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (JAXA) designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall A
good number of researches have been done to assess the relativity of TRMM data
for and found reliable for data sparse region, together with that a large no of
studies applied TRMM data for various purpose among them, development of
agricultural information system for crop production and irrigation need . The
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission aims to monitor tropical and subtropical
precipitation and to estimate its associated latent heating (GES DISC, 2010).
The daily product TRMM 3B42 was used in this study. The purpose of the 3B42
algorithm is 5 to produce TRMM-adjusted merged-infrared (IR) precipitation and
root-mean-square (RMS) precipitation-error estimates. The version 3B42 has a
3-hourly temporal resolution and a 0.25_ by 0.25_ spatial resolution. The
spatial coverage extends from 50_ S to 50_ N and 0_ to 360_ E. The temporal
scale considered for this video clip is for daily.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/fEgc5XPhE1w" width="560"></iframe> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Citations: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[2A] <a href="http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/%20%20" target="_blank">TRMM website link</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[2B] <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011HESSD...810679V%20" target="_blank">Performance testof TRMM data for Vietnam river basin.</a></span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[2C] <a href="http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/museum/event/2ndTISC/HP/Extended%20Abstract/1P.15_LONG_Chiu.pdf" target="_blank">Agriculturalinformation system based on TRMM data.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/museum/event/2ndTISC/HP/Extended%20Abstract/1P.15_LONG_Chiu.pdf"><br /></a></span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. Working with netCDF data</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">NetCDF is a data abstraction for array-oriented data access and a
software library that provides a concrete implementation of the
interfaces that support that abstraction [3A]. The implementation provides
a machine-independent format for representing arrays. Although the
netCDF file format is hidden below the interfaces, some understanding
of the current implementation and associated file structure may help
to make clear why some netCDF operations are more expensive than
others.For a detailed description of the netCDF format, see File Structure and Performance. Knowledge of the format is not needed for reading
and writing netCDF data or understanding most efficiency
issues. Programs that use only the documented interfaces and that make
no assumptions about the format will continue to work even if the
netCDF format is changed in the future, because any such change will
be made below the documented interfaces and will support earlier
versions of the netCDF file format.ArcGIS and MATLAB has in built library for dealing with netCDF files [3B][3C].</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/LOe6vQC4HD4" width="560"></iframe><br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Citations: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[3A] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetCDF" target="_blank">NetCDF in wikipedia</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[3B] <a href="http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Adding_netCDF_data_in_ArcGIS" target="_blank">Working with netCDFdata in ArcGIS </a></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[3C] <a href="http://www.mathworks.ch/help/techdoc/ref/netcdf.html" target="_blank">Working withnetCDF data in MATLAB</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>4. Climatic data for Europe [PRUDENCE Project]</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">PRUDENCE stands for </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Prediction of
Regional Scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate Change Risks
and Effects (Christensen et al. 2002) [4A]. A large number of decision making process
has been done with the climate model generated variables [4B], among them Schelali et
al (2007)[4C] studied hydropower influence. Beniston et al (2010) studied impact assessment of climate change on mountainous watershed due to prevailing climate . </span><span style="font-size: small;">The
main objective of the PRUDENCE project was to provide high resolution climate
change scenarios for Europe at the end of the twenty-first century by means of
dynamical downscaling (regional climate modeling) of global climate
simulations. Prudence project provides two time slices one called control period with the time series of 1960-1990 and the other one is scenario period 2070-2100.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/QMnpmEkG1so" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Citations: </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">[4A] <a href="http://prudence.dmi.dk/" target="_blank">Prudence project web site</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">[4B] <a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/wg0w3m16w4150838/" target="_blank">Research based on Prudence model from springerlink</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">[4C]<a href="http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1191/2007/hess-11-1191-2007.html" target="_blank"> Future energystudy in Switzerland based on prudence data.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In the next post we will see how to build an open source hydrological model name SWAT with all the Geographic and climatic data obtained from various sources. So please keep tuned.</b></span></div>
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Acknowledgement: Support from Dr.Chetan Maringanti and Dr. Mamuka
Gvilava were duly acknowledged for preparing this post. Especially on the
script writing part and compiling the information’s for possible data sources. </div>
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Kazi Rahman [Mahmud]http://www.blogger.com/profile/04684787290514961716noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4270991211305655234.post-50430390658484820382012-04-26T14:32:00.000-07:002013-03-14T02:19:42.004-07:00Utilizing online resources for hydrological research [Part 1]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Introductory words:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Many of us familiar that online resources available
for water resources/hydrological research but the same way many of us don’t
really know where and how to get those data easily in a usable format. Various
problems we face when we desperately need some data, among them finding the exact
site and getting the exact data is most notable. Often it happens
that we become ambiguous to see too many information given in the web site and we
could not find the required one that we need. Here in this post we will see how to
get some environmental data needed to build a hydrological model and process
them in a usable format. There are varieties of data available but we will
focus only the listed below. Once again these data`s are completely <b>FREE OF CHARGE!!</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[1] Administrative Area Map (Shape file)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2] Digital Elevation Model (DEM)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[3] River Network</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[4] Land use Map</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[5] Digital Soil Map</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[1] Administrative Area Map</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Administrative area maps are very
useful to when we want to have basic information for some specific region. It is
often difficult to find administrative area of developing countries or some
specific island therefore a group of researcher made it possible geo
referencing all the region of the entire earth and putting them all together in
the GADM website [1A]. The file formats are ESRI shape file [1B], or (.kmz)
files for Google earth plugin. </span></div>
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[<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/P-rjm2s7adk" width="560"></iframe>]<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Citations: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[1A] <a href="http://www.gadm.org/home" target="_blank">Global Administrative Area website</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[1B] <a href="http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//005600000002000000.htm" target="_blank">About shape file [ESRI website]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[1C] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile" target="_blank">Use of shape files [Based on wiki]</a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2]
Digital Elevation Model</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Digital elevation model (DEM)
represents the elevation of Earth’s surface, including features (vegetation,
buildings, etc.).A DEM can be represented as a raster a grid of squares, also
known as a height map when representing elevation [2A]. They are very useful
for watershed/hydrological modeling [2B]. Especially they play significant role
for flood mapping and modeling spatial extent of food [2C]. Traditionally
elevation was derived by direct survey of the land, and then photogrammetry
techniques allowed for terrain extraction with a pair of images with
stereoscopic techniques. Today, highly accurate digital elevation can be
achieved with light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and interferometry synthetic
aperture radar (IfSAR). The SRTM digital elevation data, produced by NASA
originally, is a major breakthrough in digital mapping of the world, and
provides a major advance in the accessibility of high quality elevation data
for large portions of the tropics and other areas of the developing world [2D].
Beside academia DEMs are commercially used for geographic analysis especially
urban and regional planning [2E]. Globally available DEMS has approximately 1
km resolution from GTOPO30 and 90 m accuracy from the Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission (SRTM) [1].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">There are various ways we can download
DEM from SRTM site but I found the easiest way of quick download using Google
earth plugin [2F]. Here is the video clip to have quick access of SRTM DEM and
processing steps to make better use of it.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/CvWHTqX_8JA" width="560"></iframe>] </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Citations:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2A]<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" target="_blank"> Digital Elevation model basicintroduction [wiki]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2B] <a href="http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=Hydrologic%20analysis%20sample%20applications" target="_blank">Application of Digital ElevationModel for hydrological analysis [ESRI web]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2C] <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.3290140617/abstract" target="_blank">The use of digitalelevation models for flood hazard mapping:</a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2D] <a href="http://www.cgiar-csi.org/data/elevation/item/45-srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v41" target="_blank">SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Databasev4.1</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2E] <a href="http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v22/n2/full/jes201148a.html" target="_blank">Applying GIS for populationdistribution under traffic impacts</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[2F] <a href="http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/" target="_blank">CGIAR website with SRTM data</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[3] River Geometry Map:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Steam geometry maps are extremely
important for flood modeling and management. [3A]. River network is useful for
basin delineation [3B]. HydroSHEDS is a mapping product that provides
hydrographic information for regional and global-scale applications in a
consistent format [3C] It offers a suite of geo-referenced data sets (vector
and raster) at various scales, including river networks, watershed boundaries,
drainage directions, and flow accumulations. HydroSHEDS is based on
high-resolution elevation data obtained during a Space Shuttle flight for
NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The goal of developing
HydroSHEDS was to generate key data layers to support regional and global
watershed analyses, hydrological modeling, and freshwater conservation planning
at a quality, resolution and extent that had previously been unachievable.
Available resolutions range from 3 arc-second (approx. 90 meters at the
equator) to 5 minute (approx. 10 km at the equator) with seamless near-global
extent.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Jic36GHMewQ" width="560"></iframe>] </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Citations</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[3A] <a href="http://meteo.macc.unican.es/prometeo/temp/carmen/07_NNMeteo/viento_carmen/papers/science%2026.pdf" target="_blank">River flow forecasting usingartificial neural network</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[3B] <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/gis250/lessons/hydrology/index.html" target="_blank">watershed delineation process[ArcGIS website]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[3C] <a href="http://hydrosheds.cr.usgs.gov/" target="_blank">HydroSHED web site</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[4] Land cover map:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Land use maps often called zoning maps are
basically derived from the satellite images and classifying them [4A]. Wide
application of land use maps mostly for demographic features and Eco
hydrological research[4B ]. They are often used for impact assessment of
climate change due to vegetation change and demographic features [4C].</span> <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Environmental
impacts and land at risk from land degradation such as salinity, flood,
drought, and erosion studies can be done with land use maps. Land use maps are
prepared by several government agencies, for a variety of reasons. Individual
groups and organizations can also generate maps with land use information.
Often, such maps are publicly available, so that people who are interested in
land use trends can access them. For global application European Space Agency
(ESA) provides maps in different time slice. They </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/YhzR6MkFfAI" width="560"></iframe>] </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">citations</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[4A] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use" target="_blank">About land use map [wiki]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[4B] <a href="http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/news_archive/uk-land-cover-map_2011_44.html" target="_blank">Land cover maps for ecologicalresearch</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[4C] <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5754/1674.abstract" target="_blank">The Importance of Land-CoverChange in Simulating Future Climates</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[5] Digital Soil Map</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Digital soil map provides type of soil
and their physical properties. Soil properties have immense importance for agricultural
productivity and application of fertilizer. Soil map can be prepared by survey
or classifying the remote sensing images [5A] robust application of soil maps
is most often related to irrigation requirement and scheduling. Food and Agricultural
Organization of united nation provides soil map with 1:10000 scale classifying
6998 soil classes for entire world. This can be obtained from the geo network
web portal of FAO [5B]. Organic and inorganic components are including with the
attribute table provided by FAO which is very useful for agricultural research
[5C].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/5pFXamB184M" width="560"></iframe>] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Citations:</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[5A] </span><a href="http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_43_1/43106.pdf" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Soilsurvey and mapping using remote sensing</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT","serif"; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[5B] <a href="http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=14116" target="_blank">Geo network web portal for FAOsoil map</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">[5C]
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_soil_mapping" target="_blank">Description of organic and inorganic comment of soil properties from FAO.</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Concluding remarks [For part: 1]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Few issues needed to be discussed,
among them projection system and resolution of data needs attention. In most cases the standard
projection system is GCS WGS 1984 where the distances are calculated on Arc
second. Usually 1 degree equals to 100 km. Since I used ArcGIS they have a default projection of GCS WGS 1984. There might be some error messages or dis placement of maps if the projection system is not similar with the data frame and the extracted data from different sources!!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";">Here it ends the part 1 of extraction of freely available online geographic data for Environmental/Hydrological/Geographical research, the next section I will be focusing CLIMATIC data [Precipitation, Temperature, Wind speed Solar radiation etc etc.] freely available. So keep tuned.... </span></div>
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Kazi Rahman [Mahmud]http://www.blogger.com/profile/04684787290514961716noreply@blogger.com21